N. Quantum Hardware Providers

The 2026 landscape (Ch. 38–43 detailed it; this is the who's-who card). IBM: superconducting; Heron/Flamingo-class processors, heavy-hex; largest cloud ecosystem; Starling FTQ roadmap (~200 logical by 2029); free open access tier. Google: superconducting; Willow lineage — below-threshold QEC demonstrated (2024); research-first access. Quantinuum: trapped-ion (H2-class): highest 2q fidelities (99.9%+), all-to-all; premium/commercial access. IonQ: trapped-ion; cloud-commercial via Braket/Azure. QuEra: neutral atoms; 256-atom Aquila-class; analog + digital; strong Harvard-lineage research program. Rigetti: superconducting; modular multi-chip bet. Pasqal: neutral atoms (European program). PsiQuantum: photonic FTQ — no public access, foundry strategy. Atom Computing: neutral atoms. Xanadu: photonic (Borealis sampling). Access reality for the Iran-based reader (Ch. 63.10): IBM's free tier is the frictionless channel; paid platforms need payment-rail workarounds with compliance care; all vendors' published calibration data and papers are open — benchmark from literature even where queues are closed.